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References

Diagnostic Ultrasound

1. Brown SM, Ward SR, Cook MS, et al. Architectural analysis of human abdominal wall muscles: implications for mechanical function. Spine. 2011;36(5):355-362.​

2. Freeman MD, Woodham MA, Woodham AW. The role of the lumbar multifidus in chronic low back pain: a review. PM R. 2010;2(2):142-146.

3. Hides JA, Jull GA, Richardson CA. Long term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain. Spine. 2001;26(11):E243-E248.

4. Hides JA, Stanton W, McMahon S, et al. Effects of stabilization training on multifidus muscle cross-sectional area among young elite cricketers with low back pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2008;38(3):101-108.

5. Ferreira PH, Ferreira ML, Hodges PW. Changes in recruitment of the abdominal muscles in people with low back pain: ultrasound measurement of muscle activity. Spine. 2004;29(22):2560-2566. 

6. Hides JA, Miokovic T, Belavy DL, et al. Ultrasound imaging assessment of abdominal muscle function during drawing-in of the abdominal wall: an intrarater reliability study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(8):480-486.

7. Stokes M, Hides J, Elliott J, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the posterior paraspinal muscles. ​J Orthop Sport Phys. 2007;37(10):581-595.

8. Whittaker JL, Thompson JA, Teyhen DS, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of pelvic floor muscle function. J Orthop Sport Phys. 2007;37(8):487-498. 

9. Whittaker JL, Teyhen DS, Elliott JM, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging: understanding the technology and its applications. J Orthop Sport Phys. 2007;37(8):434-449.

10. Teyhen DS, Gill NW, Whittaker JL, et al. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging of the abdominal muscles. J Orthop Sport Phys. 2007;37(8):450-466.

11. "The History of Ultrasound: A collection of recollections, articles, interviews and images". www.obgyn.net. Retrieved 2013-04-3.



 

Therapeutic Ultrasound

1. Ebenbichler GR, Resch KL, Nicolakis P, et al. Ultrasound treatment for treating the carpal tunnel syndrome: randomized “sham” controlled trial. Brit Med J. 1998;316:731-735.

2. Burke FD, Ellis J, McKenna H, et al. Primary care management of carpal tunnel syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:433-437.

3. Bakhtiary AH, Rashidy-Pour A. Ultrasound and laser therapy in the treatment of tunnel syndrome. Aust J Physiother. 2004;50:147-151.

4. Raso VV, Barbieri CH, Mazzer N, et al. Can therapeutic ultrasound influence the regeneration of peripheral nerves? J Neurosci Meth. 2005;142:185-192.

5. Sambandam SN, Priyanka P, Gul A, et al. Critical analysis of outcome measures used in the assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Int Orthop. 2008;32:497-504.

6. Aguilera JF, Martin DP, Masanet RA, et al. Immediate effect of ultrasound and ischemic compression techniques for the treatment of trapezius latent myofascial trigger points in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32(7):515-520.

7. Draper DO, Mahaffey C, Kaiser D, et al. Thermal ultrasound decreases tissue stiffness trigger points in upper trapezius muscles. Physiother Theory Pract. 2010;26(3):167-172.





ESTIM- Motor & Pain

1. Hsu RW, Tsai YH, Huang TJ, et al. Hybrid total knee arthroplasty: a 3- to 6-year outcome analysis. J Formos Med Assoc. 1998;97(6):410-415.

2. Petterson SC, Snyder-Mackler L. The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to improve activation in a patient with chronic quadriceps strength impairments following total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(9):678-685.

3. Petterson SC, Mizner RL, Stevens JE, et al. Improved function from progressive strengthening interventions after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial with an imbedded prospective cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(2):174-183.

4. Lewek M, Stevens J, Snyder-Mackler L. The use of electrical stimulation to increase quadriceps femoris muscle force in an elderly patient following a total knee arthroplasty. Phys Ther. 2001;81(9):1565-1571.

5. Pietrosimone BG, Saliba SA, Hart JM, et al. Effects of transutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and therapeutic exercise on quadriceps activation in people with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2011;41(1):4-12.

6. Stevens JE, Mizner RL, Snyder-Mackler L. Quadriceps strength and volitional activation before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. J Orthopaed Res. 2003;21:775-779.

7. Sluka KA, Walsh D. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: basic science mechanisms and clinical effectiveness. J Pain. 2003;4(3):109-121.

8. Chiu T, Hui-Chan C, Chiang G, et al. A randomized clinical trial of TENS and exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19:850-860.

9. Rodriguez AL, Garrido V, Gueita J, et al. Effects of burst-type transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cervical range of motion and latent myofascial trigger point pain sensitivity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92:1353-1358. 

10. Ardic F, Sarhus M, Topuz O. Comparison of two different techniques of electrotherapy on myofascial pain. J Back Musculoskelet. 2002;16:11-16.

11. Fuentes JP, Olivo SA, Magee DJ, et al. Effectiveness of interferential current therapy in the management of musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2010;90(9):1219-1238.

12. Moore SR, Shurman J. Combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic back pain: a double-blind, repeated measures comparison. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78:55-60.

13. Vance CG, Rakel BA, Blodgett NP, et al. Effects of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on pain, pain sensitivity, and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2012;92(7):898-910. 

14. Fong DT, Chu VW, Chan KM. Myoelectric stimulation on peroneal muscles resists simulated ankle sprain motion. J Bio Mech. 2012;45:2055-2057.

15. Houghton PE, Kincaid CB, Lovell M, et al. Effect of electrical stimulation on chronic leg ulcer size and appearance. Phys Ther. 2003;83(1):17-28.
16. Ross SE, Arnold BL, Blackburn JT, et al. Enhanced balance associated with coordination training with stochastic resonance stimulation in subjects with functional ankle instability: an experimental trial. J Neuroeng Rehab. 2007;47(4).
17. Sandovall MC, Ramirez C, Camargo DM, et al. Effect of high-voltage pulsed current plus conventional treatment on acute ankle sprain. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14(3):193-199.
18. Wilson DH. Treatment of soft-tissue injuries by pulsed electrical energy. Brit Med J. 1972;2:269-270.



NCV/EMG

1. Castellano V, Feinberg J, Michaels J. Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy: case report and discussion. HSS J. 2008;4(2):175-179. 

2. Fuller G. How to get the most out of nerve conduction studies and electromyography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:ii41-ii46. 

3. Levin KH. Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected radiculopathy. Neurol Clin N Am. 2002;20:397-421.

4. Herrmann DN, Logigian EL. Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected mononeuropathy of the upper extremity. Neurol Clin N Am. 2002;20:451-478.

5. Wein TH, Albers JW. Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected peripheral polyneuropathy. Neurol Clin N Am. 2002;20:503-526. 

6. Katirji B. Electrodiagnostic approach to the patient with suspected mononeuropathy of the lower extremity. Neurol Clin N Am. 2002;20:479-501.



Thermal Agents

1. Galvan HG, Tritsch AJ, Tandy R, et al. Pain perception during repeated ice-bath immersion of the ankle at varied temperatures. J Sport Rehabil. 2006;15:105-115.    

2. Benson TB, Copp EP. The effects of therapeutic forms of heat and ice on the pain threshold of the normal shoulder. Rheumatol Rehab. 1974;13:101-104. 

3. Knight CA, Rutledge CR, Cox ME, et al. Effect of superficial heat, deep heat, and active exercise warm-up on the extensibility of the plantar flexors. Phys Ther. 2001;81(6):1206-1214. 

4. Knobloch K, Grasemann R, Spies M, et al. Midportion achilles tendon microcirculation after intermittent combined cryotherapy and compression compared with cryotherapy alone. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(11):2128-2138.

5. Miners AL, Bougie TL. Chronic achilles tendinopathy: a case study of treatment incorporating active and passive tissue warm-up, graston technique, ART, eccentric exercise, and cryotherapy. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2011;55(4): 269-279.

6. Welch V, Brosseau L, Casimiro L, et al. Thermotherapy for treating rheumatoid arthritis (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; 7:1-77.





Traction

1. Sari H, Akarirmak U, Karacan I, et al. Evaluation of effects of cervical traction on spinal structures by computerized tomography. Adv Physiother. 2003;5:114-121.

2. Constantoyannis C, Konstantinou D, Kourtopoulos H, et al. Intermittent cervical traction for cervical radiculopathy caused by large-volume herniated disks. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2002;25(3):188-192.

3. Moeti P, Marchetti G. Clinical outcome from mechanical intermittent cervical traction for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2001;31(4):207-213.

4. Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA, et al. Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(7):632-642. 


Laser

1. Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA, Joensen J, et al. A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of low level laser therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow). BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:75.

2. Stergioulas A, Stergioula M, Aarskog R, et al. Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(5):881-887.

3. Konstantinovic LM, Cutovic MR, Milovanovic AN, et al. Low-level laser therapy for acute neck pain with radiculopathy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study. Pain Med. 2010;11:1169-1178

4. Vasseljen Jr O, Hoeg N, Kjeldstad B, Johnsson A, Larsen S. Low level laser versus placebo in the treatment of tennis elbow. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1992;24(1):37–42.

 

 

 



​TREATMENT RATIONALES

REFERENCES

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